Psychological mechanisms relevant to personality can be grouped into all of the following categories except
Two goals and motives that act as evolved mechanisms are
Buss (1991) argues that of the five personality dimensions, _____ are the most important traits because they most directly provide answers to a host of adaptive problems.
Rudolph always struggles to focus on his work. He is unreliable because he fails to complete any task assigned to him, and he is very careless. In this case, Rudolph scores low on the behavioral disposition of
One environmental source of personality differences is what Buss termed _____, by which he meant that childhood experiences make some behavioral strategies more likely than others.
Evolutionary theory of personality rates moderate
The adaptive personality system that revolves around one’s capacity and commitment to work is
Buss argues for essentially the five personality dimensions (Big Five) proposed by McCrae and Costa but with slightly different terminology. Which is not one of Buss’s categories?
_____ is change in gene function that does not involve changes in DNA.
When Miguel was an infant, he developed a strong attachment style with his mother. Whenever his mother left him alone, he would cry and throw tantrums to stop his mother from leaving him alone. Now, in his early childhood years, Miguel still continues to display such behavior. Which of the following statements is most likely true about the scenario?
People high in _____ are driven and ambitious.
In the context of the behavioral differences displayed by newborn infants, identify the dimension of temperament that concerns an infant’s response to other people, especially strangers.
Buss states that there are _____ specific main classes of mechanism.
According to an analysis done by Nettle on the Big Five dimensions of personality, identify a fitness cost that was associated with having an extraverted personality during ancestral periods of evolution.
The term _____ was coined in 1973 by biologist Michael Ghiselin (1973) and later popularized by anthropologist John Tooby and psychologist Leda Cosmides in the early 1990s.
Buss and his colleague Heidi Greiling propose _____ distinct sources of individual differences.
The differences in behavior have a biological basis and are known as _____, which lays the foundation for personality traits.
With reference to inner states such as thoughts and drives, Skinner said that they
Negative reinforcement and punishment are similar in that they both
Skinner saw the psychotherapist as a
Negative and positive reinforcements are alike in that they
The label that best fits Skinner’s work is
Skinner’s scientific behaviorism assumes that
Concerning drives, Skinner said that they
What is Skinner’s basic view of human freedom?
Payment by salary or wage most closely approximates which schedule of reinforcement?
Payment by piece rate (for example, paying a bricklayer a set amount for each brick laid) most closely approximates which schedule of reinforcement?
takes place when an experimenter systematically withholds reinforcement of a previously learned response until the probability of that response diminishes to zero.
Young Tyler learned that his mother always hides the cookies on the top shelf of the hall closet. After Tyler’s mother noticed cookies missing, she decided to hide the cookie jar in a new place. After several unrewarding trips to the top shelf of the hall closet, Tyler stops looking there. Skinner would say that the disappearance of this response is due to
According to Skinner, advertising is a method of social control through
For Skinner, natural selection
Skinner accepted the concept of unconscious
As a young man, Skinner wanted to become a
Erick is confident that he has the skills and abilities to be an excellent professional baseball player. However, he is uncertain whether he will be offered a job as a player. Thus, according to Bandura, he has _____ efficacy expectations and _____ outcome expectations.
A hired killer refers to murdering another person as a “contract” or a “hit.” This is an example of Bandura’s disengagement technique of
In modeling, Bandura claims people are most likely to attend to
Bandura sees deviant behaviors as
The classical study where children were exposed to models acting aggressively was conducted by Albert Bandura, Dorrie Ross, and Sheila Ross. These authors found that, after mild frustration,
According to Bandura, observing a model being punished for performance will decrease one’s likelihood of
Which of the following statements is true about collective efficacy?
Rohan scribbles on desks and walls in his classroom. When questioned by his teacher about his deviant behavior, he says that other students have damaged more than just classrooms. He says that his classmates had even destroyed some of the lockers belonging to teachers. In this case, Rohan is reducing the responsibility of his wrong behavior through
Megan compares her test grade with that of other class members to determine her test performance. She is using which of Bandura’s judgmental processes?
The bureaucrat who answers criticism by responding “That’s the way things are done around here” is using Bandura’s disengagement technique of
In Bandura’s disengagement technique of displacement of responsibility, the consequences of one’s actions are minimized by
The concept that individuals respond positively or negatively to their behavior, depending upon how it measures up to their personal standards, is a process Bandura calls
Like most people, Madison relies on other people such as the police, the fire department, and mechanics to exercise indirect control over her life. Bandura calls this situation
According to Bandura, in self-regulation, we may judge the worth of our actions on the basis of
In Bandura’s view, vicarious experiences are likely to have their strongest effect on self- efficacy when an observer
Which of the following statements is true about Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory?
According to Bandura, people’s shared beliefs in their collective power to produce desired results is called